The term "episodic memory" was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity-the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one's own mind-as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event "bound" together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays' accurate memory of "what," "where," and "when" information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton's experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton's birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term "episodic-like" memory.
According to the passage, part of the evidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they
原文提到binding information: Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays' accurate memory of "what," "where," and "when" information and their binding of this information. 也就是说我们要寻找一个选项可以回答3W中至少两个的问题。
A文章最后说到这个实验并不能说明他们可以re-experiencing the past.
B选项说的不属于episodic memory的定义。详情看第一句破折号后面。
C选项后面stored by other jays错误了。
D选项正确，回答了what和where的问题。
关于E recollected single bits of information about sources of food
recollect应该是episodic memory的能力，而不是“episodic-like”memory的能力，且sources of food不能代替"what," "where," and "when" 。
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